Kant credited Hume with waking him up from his "dogmatic slumbers" and Hume has proved extremely influential on subsequent philosophy, especially on utilitarianism, logical positivism, William James, philosophy of science, early analytic philosophy, cognitive philosophy, and other movements and thinkers. He held notoriously ambiguous views of Christianity, but famously challenged the argument from design in his Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (1779). Hume also examined the normative is–ought problem. He was also a sentimentalist who held that ethics are based on feelings rather than abstract moral principles. Hume advocated a compatibilist theory of free will that proved extremely influential on subsequent moral philosophy.
Without direct impressions of a metaphysical "self," he concluded that humans have no actual conception of the self, only of a bundle of sensations associated with the self. He developed the position that mental behaviour is governed by "custom" our use of induction, for example, is justified only by our idea of the "constant conjunction" of causes and effects. Thus he divides perceptions between strong and lively "impressions" or direct sensations and fainter "ideas," which are copied from impressions. In stark opposition to the rationalists who preceded him, most notably Descartes, he concluded that desire rather than reason governed human behaviour, saying: "Reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions." A prominent figure in the skeptical philosophical tradition and a strong empiricist, he argued against the existence of innate ideas, concluding instead that humans have knowledge only of things they directly experience. Hume is often grouped with John Locke, George Berkeley, and a handful of others as a British Empiricist.īeginning with his A Treatise of Human Nature (1739), Hume strove to create a total naturalistic "science of man" that examined the psychological basis of human nature. He is regarded as one of the most important figures in the history of Western philosophy and the Scottish Enlightenment. David Hume was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, known especially for his philosophical empiricism and skepticism.
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